你知道辅音 t 是如何变音的吗？

billzhao

The Flap
* t8 ~2 O5 Q# [1 b; ]! b# Z) m: `. i. K
$ T, J0 g7 G8 Y- [8 @4 [A flap occurs in three situations.

) C( p% m: X/ w! h3 Y  1. A flap occurs when a 't' comes between two vowels. The pronunciation of the 't' in these incidences sounds
+ D* S9 y- [6 K; K0 `6 ~# c      like a 'd' and is said very quickly.
                                    
: J" v; G0 w$ V+ p8 m7 n         Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
9 G6 X6 J6 _" e! W; B. ?                                     
                
  water becomes wader
9 T/ O3 v- I$ d+ |* f9 Y7 Y/ w  Do you need some water?
) ]: G! _% e# F; H0 n                 
7 L6 J5 G/ ]; q6 _* j* D6 O) U  letter becomes ledder
" l) i* P! _4 n0 k  The letter was in the mailbox.
' M( s. f2 d8 a+ o( [                 
7 A+ f; e4 M- p" S, }. O7 D  bottle becomes boddle
  The bottle broke when it hit the floor.
                
8 m, w4 y- `2 m! o& t2 f  butter becomes budder
  The butter melted in the sun.
0 U; Q7 \+ u3 V; h1 X( V" `2 O, @                                     
  2. Flaps also occur when a 'd' comes between two vowels. The 'd' is still pronounced with a d sound, but it is
      said very quickly. In the normal pronunciation of the d sound the tip of the tongue is placed on the tooth
. A, m2 K# o3 A) c1 J9 b* v( p2 ^      ridge (the area where the top front teeth meet the top of the mouth) before the expiration of air to produce
) p- W% p7 ]! u7 M2 f$ s      the sound. With a flap, the tip of the tongue barely touches the tooth ridge and the 'd' sound is made very
4 B$ f% A: Z# Q2 f3 b, g1 J/ U2 F1 i      quickly.   
                                    
1 Z5 T! f, R/ r9 n8 x* N         Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
  Q+ I# a! n! x- E; @                                     
2 a* D7 M# g: W- l                    medical        She is a medical student.
* o! f' V" _) o2 Z( L3 g/ x                    sediment            
The sediment on the river bottom is course sand.

                   cadence           
$ o& m3 I; b1 h& y& NDrums keep the cadence in a marching band.

" N7 m' c, K9 H2 A7 m6 k5 v0 O! M; h                    cider         This apple cider is great.
                   spider        A spider has eight legs.
+ i- [2 A: K  \$ Z- B( e8 s, Y                                     
# x  Y  _8 @/ k  3. The third flap occurs when with linking of the consonant final letter of one word and the vowel letter of the
       next. (see section on linking)
                  
7 w/ X9 j' v$ e, @6 |/ o0 J, i7 U         Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                  
, ?7 F; U* |" w            'right away'  becomes righ(d) da  way
          I'll get your bags right away sir.
# W% G1 P( p/ F# z8 H. s5 ?
. L- S  w' U6 }4 ~
                  
           'what if' becomes whad dif
          What if we go to Paris for vacation?


$ D0 X# _- |/ ^, l0 j' O                   
+ S7 w( s7 x& V' x: k/ R             'might I' becomes migh(d) di         
           Might I suggest a new tie?


+ g$ i  j7 m9 \9 M; ^* Q                   
       
6 {1 ~; f. |" N- R6 s5 Q% pNote: The flap does not occur in some words (what, that) if they are spoken alone, without other words to
0 |0 G4 s' ^; f, y7 e4 t6 y          link to.

billzhao

The Glottal Stop
/ M; V) V+ X' T
/ }6 Q3 f: g, n; V$ A2 W, uWhen a 't' is followed by a vowel + n syllable  (eaten), the 't' sound is replace with a glottal stop, which is a complete closing of the vocal cords for a short moment. A glottal stop sound can be heard in the pronunciation of the negative uh uh.
  ?6 ]* X% b! d6 c  Z, G& f
                           
! Z7 o' E6 R7 Q, A& Y0 M; B% X         Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                           
5 \# c6 y3 \; U  n        
/ |" }; Y2 C; b# w    'eaten' becomes ea'n  
   Have you eaten yet?
       
    'satin' becomes sa'n  
! I  P$ v+ b3 q   Satin sheets are nice to sleep on.
% u$ t, J# S+ T  W. V% Y        
# }' r% G1 ~: b! z2 }/ s    'sentence' becomes se'ence
4 z( r5 s; ~/ v1 B! |   This sentence makes no sense.
       
    'mountian' becomes moun'n   
! b3 a& B8 ~4 }+ Z3 _7 I+ c' q- _   I'm not much of a mountain climber.
       
    'getting' become ge'n        
% d, b: h, l, G   I'm getting to old for this.
       
    'button' becomes but'n   
8 f; V/ w/ F, r5 q   Sam lost a button on his shirt.

billzhao

Can and Can't
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In an affirmative 'can', the can is pronounced as 'kn'. The modal verb 'can' in the sentence is unstressed; the main verb is stressed.
                                             
+ z- J: E" X6 \9 W  p/ z* ?   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
   Then the word is used in a sentence.
                                             
' f' A4 ]7 l- u( k# q  m9 ]        
' _! R; V( O5 k* N$ n& p2 G   'We can swim' becomes we kn swim  
   We can swim in the lake.


+ R2 e0 `. {. H. L        
5 e6 ?6 ^6 H. Q* b   'I can cook' becomes I kn cook.
# l$ V4 i( i3 [3 O   I can cook pizza.


, G1 I( {* g' I% B. j        
! z* o" z- C. g+ ]' E& i   'She can read' becomes she kn read  
. P0 Q4 |8 P9 Z, k4 \/ i( r   She can read Italian and Russian.

7 Z' P- P- L& ]3 k7 l, g
       
   'They can ride' becomes they kn ride.
   They can ride on the roller coaster.

; w0 H* @! T3 y                                              
In the negative, both the modal (can't) and the main verb are stressed. However the 't' in can't is dropped and replaced with a glottal stop if the next sound is a consonant.
                                             
, z8 }: X2 A# P3 U( I   Listen to these sound changes. The first sentence is with can, the second with can't. Note that both the modal and main
/ m8 d. k# k4 t7 _7 F: r   verbs are stressed in the negative sentence.
                                             
! o# H; \. D5 _9 L7 P- i        
8 c- v) E, a/ K7 P5 d; [' [  'We can't go' becomes
   We KAN' GO.  
1 G) t) ?9 y9 m$ k. a) g* j( M. D
We can go to the movies.
" c  O% a! m5 u% P0 g7 d9 C1 gWe can't go to the movies.
) \# _4 \: T4 z; X4 y' ]; U
       
; B; x5 E7 R- {  'Larry can't speak' becomes
   Larry KAN' SPEAK.
: [/ `* `2 z4 G0 x9 K. K* g
8 E& e5 b" E* |5 Y! ZLarry can speak French.
Larry can't speak French.

       
$ p; L9 {7 ~, N% B/ t; Z- X) J  'She can't do it' becomes
   She KAN' DO it   

She can do it.
She can't do it.
2 u9 N: A4 J- D9 c% L- E, v+ [
       
  'Some people can't sing' becomes
, u$ X7 p# o4 }6 |! L1 F   Some people KAN' SING
$ k  W( H% X0 Y  f) Z2 j7 x4 {Some people can sing.
Some people can't sing.

, [1 Y/ P( s2 j6 S# X                                              
# l% e1 @+ e2 b$ X0 Z. [3 fIf the next sound after 'can't' is a vowel, a flap occurs as in 'She can't  ignore it'. (... can't  tig-nore...)
                                             
   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
. e$ k4 ~# X/ h   Then the word is used in a sentence.
) U% N' |8 \  N/ [" C% X                                              
; ~% |9 a) N( R+ O% `! o4 p        
   'can't attend' becomes can't  attend. (... cand da-ttend)
   We can't attend the concert.
       
+ b1 m3 w) }9 S) x   'can't invite' becomes can't  invite  (... cand din-vite...)
( A0 ^1 d9 w3 F4 p   Wally can't invite her to the party.
       
: o  k0 o& u5 Y9 r& A) |1 k   'can't answer'  becomes can't  answer (.. .cand dan-swer)
! J$ v) p' V' c. `   He can't answer the question.
! [6 z' }) D! _8 P6 q8 H0 J
       
   'can't understand' becomes can't  understand (... cand dun-der-stand.. )
- `- ?* b/ \/ R   I can't understand what you are saying.

billzhao

Negative Contractions

5 |; r& }; @* }1 W" l! OMany times a native speaker does not pronounce the final 't' in a negative contraction (can not= can't, do not =don't, have not= haven't). The pronunciation is replaced by a glottal stop. (see above)

8 U0 n- g0 U8 E2 l& R8 N                   
  X) _! u/ S! N) Y! ?% `3 c) @" a     Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound
     changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
- O5 [" |* u& B                           
       
    'wouldn't'  becomes wouldn'      
( O' m# X' ?, |" r  t" T: o% U   Why wouldn't you go to the dance with me?
  x9 y+ [" v5 ^- p6 Q        
* {: s' |' d- Z7 Y& x   
  l/ O4 Y( N* r2 H
       
" @* {* M" o" v0 u  d7 T  H* R    'couldn't' becomes couldn'
8 i0 `) }4 L% L4 u( P1 @% v    I couldn't do it because I was sick.
' A) k& ~0 F% R. ?6 Z: \) W        
+ d+ `- U* B# [9 D) }: v   

       
' g) N, p  n( k2 H    'shouldn't' becomes should'n         
   He shouldn't have eaten the apple.
       
9 K0 V- V- c; G3 A* l( Y) t% G   

       
% Q% }/ @3 v" O) s- q) m    'doesn't' becomes doesn'
   Larry doesn't study hard enough.

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