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发表于 2006-4-19 15:45
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Can “knowledge” be learned?. W$ X% D* L" v
请看下面这句话错在什么地方?$ I8 v" i& U- G& e+ o
As we have learned a lot of knowledge from our teachers, we always think of them when we achieve something. (我们从老师那里学到了很多知识,所以每当我们有所成就时总是想到他们。)) h/ R- |: R6 q2 W& s9 s
在英语实践中常有这种情况:似乎大家都这么说就是对的,实际则不然。上面这句就是个典型的例子。“学知识”这种说法在汉语里经常听到,译成英语就成了learn knowledge。可是在英语里,knowledge不和learn搭配,我们只能用有“得到”意思的动词来搭配,如:get,gain,acquire,也可用表示“扩大”和其他意思的动词,如broaden,enrich,widen,extend,improve等等。因此,这一句的前半句可以改为:As we’ve broadened our knowledge by learning from our teachers,或者干脆说As we’ve learned a lot from our teachers.5 C$ I. q& m" \# y3 G" B
Sit well引起的思考# S7 w5 C5 U% u) l
我不止一次听到中学老师上课时对学生说“Sit well!”(坐好!”)从语言角度谈,如果一个学生坐的姿势不好,那应该说“Sit straight!”同样,“站好!”也就是“Stand straight!”而不是“Stand well!”而深一步从文化上看,它表明不同国家有着不同的教育习俗。来自西方国家的老师或教育家参观我们的学校时,惊奇地发现有的40学生多分钟内手一直放在背后,挺着胸听课,认为如此要求学生过于苛刻,在西方国家,小学生、甚至低年级中学生的课桌并不安排排列,有的围成方形,有的围成一圈,以达到不仅老师与学生,而且学生与学生间交流的目的。就学生姿势而言,只要不是躺着,或靠在别人身上,并不要求坐直。如果学生身体活动过多,或相互间交流过于频繁,超出了课堂活动所允许的范围,老师一般只是说“Please pay attention to…”或“Attention ,please”或“May I have your attention”,所以,“Sit well!”是Qinglish,而“Sit straight!”只是在中国教室这一特定条件下可以说的、无误的英语。
" M8 J2 g1 K! l了解中国国情的native speakers毕竟不是多数( s0 w5 N1 T s. ]% P; z& A# \
下面三句话意思很好,也没有语法错误,但不能说是好的英语,问题在哪儿呢?2 J0 Q5 F, ?" E4 U4 x* c* d1 @. B" E
1. Since liberation/1949 great changes have taken place in my hometown.
3 }1 Y. M S( t. ]7 j b5 F d3 a2. My sister is a nurse; my brother is a PLA man." ^/ O; A. o) {. X- c1 k
3. The poor peasants talked about their happy life. They owed it to the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.(贫农们谈论他们的幸福生活,并把它归功于中国***的领导。)
' y2 ?& L3 o# K+ f2 p如果是说给懂英语的中国人听或写给中国人看,问题不大。几乎任何一个懂事的中国人都知道“解放”是指“1949中华人民共和国建立”,但是如果对象是English-speaking people,就可能出现问题,因为不了解中国历史的native speakers是多数。我们说惯了“自解放以来”,来做竖向比较,但许多外国人不明白。难怪有人误解成women’s lib,那就是六十年代西方出现的的women’s liberation movement(妇女解放运动)。最好把since liberation或since 1949写清楚为since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.
1 W3 e) F! E6 z/ F" r" T4 w同样,除了在中国逗留过一段时间的外国人之外,很少有人懂得什么是a PLA man。与其说My brother is a PLA man, 不如说My brother is in the army/service,或My brother serves in the army,或My brother is a soldier/an army officer.3 M& ^. a% @2 J8 G! |
绝大多数English-speaking people不明白poor peasants有着特定的政治含义,“贫农”是个社会阶层。在英语里poor意思是“没钱,吃不饱,没有任何享受”;English-speaking people想“没钱过舒适生活的贫苦农民又怎能过上幸福生活呢?”在这种情况下,最好要有注解,让读者明白poor peasants的殊定含义。
+ A& k& c& I9 q+ e: l; T8 [She learned English through self-study, and she studied English very hard.这话有什么错$ s0 _& ?0 o" h2 l, i
“自习”、“自学英语”、“自学成才”等由“自”组成的汉语译成英语时,初学者能想到前缀self-是好的。由前缀self-构成的词多达六七十个,如:
; q, i+ ]2 W7 Q- `* Yself-reliance (自力更生)5 [6 m* I8 k4 ^3 \# K% f
self-service (自我服务)/ Z: N$ ?8 W2 |+ M3 u) g' K
self-defence (自卫)
2 j7 ]; [; p( I( ?: g6 Gself-important (自高自大的)
% r( B6 N Y0 F* m, D0 q9 I3 Wself-sufficient (自给自足的)
/ R9 V; m* d- r: U qself-setermination (自决)& s$ v; G8 q$ r% x% k# h7 T1 t
但是我们常用的self-study尽管English-speaking people能懂,但并不是正确的英语。因此,不宜说She learned English through self-study;应该说When learned English on her own/by herself,或She taught herself English.我们常说的“培养自学能力“相应地可以译为We should cultivate our ability to study independently/on our own.而“自学课本”如译成self-study books也不宜,可以说teacher-yourself books或English self-taught.同样,“自习”应该是individual study。譬如:I’m taking six courses this semester, so I don’t have much time for individual study(这个学期我选了六门课,所以自习时间不多。)! |- L" o, Q* E5 N: u
这句话里还有一个常见的错误,说study hard当然没有问题,但把“她努力学习英语”说成She studies English hard却不符合英语习惯。要表示出“努力学习”的对象,可以用work hard at something的形式。譬如:She works very hard at English.
* ? q6 Q' m: I3 Y/ _. X9 e/ z) }Learn from somebody的真正含义是什么( U+ M9 _4 _7 b$ o: H4 |, g0 T
有人把“我不会学你,因为我不象你有那么多钱”译成I won’t learn from you, as I don’t have as much money as you do.* M% ~( [. [; J( J3 c
这是错用learn from的例子。某人得知对方以160元买了条进口领带时说的,表示“我不打算学你”。Learn from是“学习某人的优点、经验、某种技术、知识”或“从某中吸取某种经验、教训”。而“我学你”是指“在某种行为上学你的样子”或“我效法你”的意思。正确的英语是follow one’s example或follow suit。譬如:
9 z" h# z) y% U5 w b/ B8 W& y( LMary decided to help in the housework, and Sherry and Rebecca followed her example. (Mary决定帮忙干家务活,Sherry和Rebecca也跟着效法Mary.): c# {; }8 p6 S( @$ C
When one shop began to prolong its business hours all other shops along the same street followed suit. (一家铺开始延长营业时间,沿街所有别的商店也照方抓药。)( x; I/ b! `. i
依此类推有时会出错9 V. b! e" Y4 V: d4 g5 p, W/ `
请先读一下下面这段报道:( z% `6 _1 W/ u7 H' w
Something went wrong with the tap, so I didn’t have any water in the washroom. I went to the nearby housing maintenance station five times to ask for help. It was nearly half a year later that two workers were sent to my house to fix it. (这一段英语摘自<中国日报>,意思是:水龙头出了毛病,厕所里一点水也没有。我跑了五趟附近的房管所求助;半年以后才派两位工人来我家里修理。
V6 e" ` v# w0 S1 x, n绝大数学生把这段话看来看去觉得没什么毛病;有的把Something went wrong改为There was something wrong;有的把nearby放在station后面,并写成两个字。都没改错,可都没改在点子上。究竟错在哪里呢?我们说half-an hour是地道英语,但不能依此类推,“半个月”不是half a month,而是two weeks或a fortnight;“半年”不是half a year,而是six months,但“一年半”可以说a year and a half或eighteen months.
# \! R& {/ |0 m, K* s, x用crowded来修饰traffic大有人在' B# R9 Z% y& t1 s* Q0 v- Y; I* p
我们是否经常自己写或听到别人说这样的英语:8 j1 g& \' h( i* @- O+ L* R
I’m sure she’ll be late for class because of the crowded traffic.又譬如:Traffic in Beijing is too crowded.但是traffic跟crowded是联系不上的。Traffic是the coming and going of vehicles and people(车辆和行人的来往),而crowded是某场所挤满人或东西的拥挤,或事情安排得紧紧的。可以说:The small room is crowded with broken chairs and desks. (小屋子里堆满了破损的桌椅。) I had a crowded week last month. (上个月有一个星期我极忙。) More people are trying to get into the crowded hall.(还有人想方设法进入人满为患的大厅)
6 H$ P& f* h: D" F, `中国话里“交通拥挤”的概念是“街上挤满了过往的车辆和行人”。因此,可以说:The streets are crowded with vehicles and people.显而易见,不能说:There is little traffic at this hour. Even the traffic policeman is nowhere to be found.(这会儿几乎没有过往车辆,连交通警也不见了。)
2 Z( G1 Q* o8 b* l“你真熊!”是“You bear!”吗?
! r6 p7 D: Q8 l/ P5 {- _ S/ ]- j* o* R我听到有人说“You bear! You even didn’t mention it!”(你真熊,你竟然没有提起它!)% W" c4 Q/ |0 J& {- {) O9 I
汉语里可以用“熊”来表示“懦夫”、“胆小鬼”,但要是说You bear!肯定native speakers不明白。在英语中,尽管熊可以认为是凶猛、危险、笨拙之物,但却没有“怯懦”的意思;chicken倒是有“怯懦”的含意。把You bear改为You chicken就成了地道的英语了。如果有人对你说Don’t be a chicken,你就会明白他是说Don’t be afraid,他在鼓励你。 |
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