照相技术（中英文对照）

billzhao · 发表于 2009-5-7 21:31

掌握手动测光，达到最有创意的最佳曝光效果

手动测光不能解决所有曝光问题，但能帮你把握相机以及快门速度和光圈的关系，改进曝光效果。

使用光圈优先或快门优先模式推进画面，对焦并拍照，可能效果不错，但曝光总是取决于相机的判断。如果你只须推进、对焦，调节测光棒（它们排列在测光刻度盘的中部），然后再拍照，手动曝光能达到同样的效果。不同的是，你能更轻松地进行微调、控制，达到更好的曝光效果。三分之一秒的曝光不足或曝光过度，可能使数码暗室后期处理的动态范围大不相同。虽然你能在光圈优先或快门优先模式中使用曝光补偿，观察并调节画面不同区域的测光读数有助你了解曝光。

手动曝光的同时对画面进行正确测光，其效果更好，因为它最大程度地给予你创造力和自由，按照希望的方式曝光，避免放大高光或丧失阴影部分的图像细节。

Master Manual exposure

Take the reins and meter manually for the best and most creative exposures

Manual metering isn’t the answer to all your exposure nightmares, but it will certainly help you to master your camera and the relationship between shutter speed and aperture for better exposures.

Approaching a scene in Aperture Priority or Shutter Priority, pointing and shooting may give fi ne results but you’ll always end up with the exposure the camera wants to give you.

The same results can be achieved using Manual if all you do is approach, point, adjust

the metering bars (so they line up in the centre of the metering scale), then shoot.

The difference is that you can fi ne-tune more easily and stay in control, giving you better exposures. Under or overexposing a third of a stop can make all the difference for a good dynamic range to work with later on in the digital darkroom and, although you can use compensation in Aperture or Shutter Priority mode, seeing and adjusting the light readings from different parts of the scene will help you to understand exposure.

Combining Manual exposure with the correct metering for the scene works even better. This is because it gives you the ultimate in creativity and freedom to expose the way you want to, avoiding any blown highlights or lost shadow detail.

测光模式的解释

Metering modes explained

点测光

虽然光线条复杂，但仍选择点测光。虽然这种模式通常不用于风景照，但在光线昏暗的演出或结构复杂的教堂里却有其用武之地。工作方法是忽略周围一切，从取景框中央的极小区域测光。在光圈优先或快门优先的模式下则需谨慎，因为它从背景测光，偏离中心构图可能破坏曝光。

Spot metering

For all those tricky lighting conditions choose Spot metering. It’s not a mode usually connected with landscape shots but it really comes into its own for those dimly-lit spotlight performances or intricate cathedral interiors. It works by metering from a very small area at the centre of the frame and ignoring everything around it. Use it with caution if you’re shooting Aperture or Shutter

priority because composing off-centre may throw your exposure as it meters from the background.

中央重点测光

中央重点测光集合了整体测光和点测光的优点。在考虑到取景框其他区域的同时，优先对图片中部的大片区域测光。如果你希望在没有点测光精确度的情况下更加严格控制图片的中心区域，这种模式效果不错。同时用中央焦点进行补充，因为重要的焦点通常就是你希望测光的区域。

Centre-weighted

Centre-weighted metering combines the best of Overall and Spot metering. By bringing them together it gives a large central portion of the image priority, while taking into consideration the rest of the frame. This is great when you want

tighter control over what’s in the centre of the picture without the accuracy of Spot metering.

It also complements using the centre focus point because the all-important point of focus is usually the area you’ll want to meter from.

整体测光

整体测光是普通摄影中最常用的选择。从整个取景框读数，按照系统要求进行整体测光。如今测光系统的先进技术很少出错。但由于测光表从整个取景框读数，研究画面并了解测光表可能会受何种因素影响而出错就十分重要——这种情况肯定会发生。

Overall metering

For general photography Overall metering is the most versatile choice. Taking readings from the whole frame, Overall metering just does what it says on the tin. And these days the technology behind sophisticated metering systems means they rarely get it wrong. However, due to the meter taking readings from the whole of the frame, it’s important for you to read the scene and understand what may fool the meter when it trips up – which you can be sure will happen.

如果不使用手动曝光又怎样呢？

程序模式

程序模式将使你最大限度地发挥创造力。如你所看，如果取景时在右边留出大量空间以取得更好的构图，则会造成背景曝光以及模特脸部曝光过度。

Program mode

Shooting in Program mode takes most of the creativity out of your hands. As you can see, framing for a better composition with plenty of space on the right-hand side has exposed for the background and overexposed the model’s face.

光圈优先

光圈优先使你更易发挥创造力，但在这里不可行。通过选择小光圈增加了景深，但没有曝光补偿的话，测光表将为较暗的背景曝光。

Aperture Priority

Aperture Priority is a closer step on the road to creativity, but hasn’t worked here. We’ve got a little more depth of fi eld by selecting a smaller aperture, but without exposure compensation the metering exposes for the darker background.

快门优先

快门优先也不能改进测光。选择适当的快门速度捕捉动态的确不错，但再说一次，如果没有曝光补偿，背景将使测光表出错。

Shutter Priority

Taking shots in Shutter Priority won’t improve the metering either. It’s great for selecting the correct shutter speed to capture any action but, once again, without any exposure compensation the background fools the meter

billzhao · 发表于 2009-5-7 21:32

正确拍摄RAW图片

我们向你介绍各种设置的所有优点，这是现场拍摄RAW图片需要了解的。

Shoot RAW the right way

We take you through all the benefits of the different settings that you might

need to know about when you’re shooting RAW images out in the fi eld

市面上大多数相机能拍摄RAW图片，即使最小的袖珍相机在处理JPEG文件前都须拍摄RAW图片。实际上，你可以将RAW图片比作已曝光但未显影的胶片，还需用软件处理。而JPEG则是已曝光并显影的胶片，可供观看。RAW照片更加通用，因为其后期的调节范围更大，特别是能取消不足的高光，合成更好的图像改进曝光。如图像中天空曝光过度, 可在RAW软件中调低曝光度并且另存。可合成多个文件，改进整体曝光。与8比特JPEG图片（256级）相比，所拍摄的RAW图片为12或14比特文件并能进行16比特编辑（亮度为65,563级），图片质量更高。这意味着编辑时光亮和黑暗区域的过渡更光滑，可见缺陷更少（粒状噪音），阴影和高光的细节更多。如果你还没拍摄过RAW图片，现在就开始吧——你一定不会后悔！

Most cameras on the market can shoot in RAW, and even the smallest compact has to shoot RAW before it can process JPEGs. In fact, you can liken RAW to an exposed but undeveloped fi lm that needs to be processed using software. A JPEG, on the other hand, is an exposed and developed fi lm all ready for viewing. Shooting in RAW mode is much more versatile, as greater adjustments can be made after the shot, especially pulling back any clipped highlights which can then be used to make a composite image for a better exposure. An image where the sky is burned out can be underexposed in RAW software, then saved as a separate file. The several files can be blended for a better overall exposure.

Shooting RAW also produces higher quality images which are captured as 12 or 14-bit files which enable 16-bit editing (65,563 levels of brightness), compared with 8-bit JPEGs (256 levels). This means there’ll be smoother transitions between light and dark areas when editing, fewer visible artefacts (grainy noise) and more detail contained in the shadow and the highlights. If you haven’t shot in RAW mode before, then now is the time to start – you won’t regret it.

拍摄RAW图片的最佳设置

白平衡

拍摄JPEG图片要求白平衡准确，因为须根据所选的WB设置处理RAW数据。RAW则使你能在后期的数码暗室里改变白平衡。但设置符合拍摄条件也很重要，这样在检查构图时液晶显示屏的预览显示更加自然。

使用相机菜单系统或机身的单个按钮，可选择适合拍摄条件的白平衡。

The best settings when shooting in RAW

White balance

Shooting JPEG means getting the white balance spot on, because the RAW data is processed according to the selected WB setting. RAW enables you to change the white balance later in the digital darkroom. However, it’s also important to set it to the shooting conditions so the LCD preview looks natural for checking composition.

直方图

RAW图片不能保证曝光良好。打开并使用相机的直方图，检查是否已找到尽可能最宽的动态范围。清楚理解直方图并充分利用。

宽动态范围的直方图包括色调范围内从左到右的所有信息，两侧均无遗漏。窄动态范围缺少直方图一侧或两侧的数据。这种情况下，曲线图在阴影区（左边）被削平，缺少高光（右边）。不同型号的相机，操作显示直方图的方式也不相同。通常在重放时按下信息按钮或上下/左右移动拇指导航盘即可显示直方图。

Histograms

Taking pictures in RAW isn’t a cop-out for a good exposure. Activate and use your camera’s histogram to check you’ve captured the widest dynamic range possible. Get it right in-camera to get the full benefit.

The histogram of a wide dynamic range will contain information all across the

tonal range, from left to right, without being chopped off at either end. A narrow dynamic range will lack data at one or both ends of the histogram. In this case the graph is clipped in the shadow area (left) and lacks highlights (right). The controls to display a histogram on a camera will vary depending on the model you are using. Usually, pressing the Info button or scrolling left/right or up/down on the navigation thumb pad during playback should bring up the histogram.

单色

如果想拍黑白照片，选择RAW图片会带来特殊好处。RAW软件的单色转换比8比特JPEG图片提供更多创造性的选择。为充分利用RAW的单色设置，选择拍摄黑白照片。这使你在液晶显示屏上预览单色图片，而储存的则是能在后期进行处理的RAW多色图片。

大多数相机菜单中都能找到单色模式，但不同型号的相机位置有所不同。在我们在这里使用的佳能30D中，位于图片风格子菜单里。选择单色模式可拍摄多色RAW图片而预览黑白照片。

Mono

Choosing to shoot RAW offers some special advantages if you want to create balck and white shots. The RAW software conversions for mono have many more creative options than 8-bit JPEGs. To make the most of RAW mono in the fi eld choose the option for shooting in black and white. This will give you mono LCD previews but will store colour RAW files that you can work on later.

Mono mode is usually found in your camera’s menu, although the location will vary depending on the camera model. On the Canon 30D we’re using here, it’s

contained within the Picture Style sub-menu. Scrolling to Monochrome enables black and white previews, yet captures the RAW fi le in full colour.

billzhao · 发表于 2009-5-7 21:34

你已经有了所需要的三脚架了吗？那么你还要花钱买根遥控快门线释放快门。你希望效果更清晰？试试在相机菜单中选择反光镜锁定功能，减少反光镜瞬间弹起的震动，拍出你所见过的最清晰的图片。

Got the tripod you need? Well, you’ll have to invest in a remote release cable to release the shutter. Want even sharper results? Try selecting the mirror lock-up function in your camera’s menu to reduce the vibrations caused as the mirror flips up for the sharpest shots you’ve ever seen.

拍摄更清晰的图片

我们给你最好的建议，帮你拍出最清晰的照片

最好的事莫过于拍照后查看相机的液晶显示屏，发现令人惊叹的构图和布光。最坏的事莫过于回家后在电脑上检查清晰度，发现模糊无用的画面。清晰度高于一切，缺乏清晰度，可以毁掉其他方面都还不错的照片。要拍出更清晰的照片，由很多因素共同决定。有些因素你不能控制，比如镜头玻璃的质量。但还好你可以运用拍摄技巧进行适当调节，控制大多数因素。曾经听到过一句话，“得了一次便宜就会买第二次”吗？这对于照相器材再合适不过了。三脚架和独脚架应稳固、有重量并且结构良好。它们应该能固定相机和镜头，不会感觉摇晃。把你的相机带到商店，找到适合你相机和需要的三脚架或独脚架并反复校验。更好的图片和更清晰的影像同样也源于好技术。选择大于焦距的适当快门速度，了解你自己手持相机的稳定极限，你的照片将马上改观。无论快门速度如何，在没有三脚架的时候，靠在树上、墙上和建筑物上都会有助于拍出更清晰的图片。调小光圈并准确对焦，将帮助你拍摄的风景照和大幅城市风光照从前至后保持清晰度。使用适当的设备和最好的方法，提高拍摄成功率，你很快就能带着你所拍摄的最清晰的图片回家了。

Get sharper pictures

We give you the best advice to help you take the sharpest shots ever

There’s nothing better than checking the LCD on your camera after a shot to reveal amazing composition and light. And there’s nothing worse than checking the sharpness back home on the computer and seeing a blurred and wasted frame. Sharpness is everything and lack of it is one thing that can wreck an otherwise fine shot. Sharper images are a combination of many factors. Some things you won’t be able to control, such as the quality of glass in your lens, but the good news is that the majority of factors are in your hands with disciplined shooting techniques and the right gear. Ever heard the phrase ‘buy cheap, buy twice’? Well this has never been truer than for camera equipment. Tripods and monopods should be sturdy, heavyweight and well-constructed bits of kit. They should be able to hold your camera and lens without feeling rickety. Find a tripod or monopod suited to your camera kit and needs by taking your gear into a shop and trying them out.

Better pictures and sharper images are also the result of good techniques. Choosing the correct shutter speed, one which is greater than the focal length you’re shooting, and knowing your own hand-holding threshold will instantly transform your photography. Bracing against trees, walls or buildings will all help to get sharper pictures whenever you shoot without a tripod, regardless of shutter speed.

Using a smaller aperture and accurate focusing will help to keep your photos pinsharp

from front to back when shooting landscapes or vast cityscapes. Use a combination of the right gear and the best techniques to improve your success rate and you’ll soon be coming home with the sharpest images you’ve ever taken.

关于图片清晰度的提示：

● 三脚架不要伸高中柱，如果拍摄位置在腰部，首先弯下腿，因为它比腰更细位置更低。

● 镜头质量尽你所能购买质量最好的镜头，并且在购买前仔细检查。

● 把手购买一个电池把手，使拍摄横向照片更轻松。

● 快门速度采用比焦距更快的快门速度，即如果你使用500毫米的镜头，快门速度应为1/640秒。

● 有效点在你镜头的“有效点”周围拍摄，即f/8或f/11。最好避免f/22或f/2.8等最大光圈。

● 对焦对焦于距离取景框三分之一处，风景照的清晰度更高。

● 支撑可以依靠墙、树、篱笆甚至同伴的肩膀，拍出更加稳定的照片。

Top tips for sharp pix

● Tripods Avoid extending the centre column and if you’re shooting at waist level always collapse the lower, thinner legs fi rst.

● Lens quality Always buy the best glass you can afford and check it out before you buy.

● Handholding Invest in a battery grip to make portraits format pictures easier to take.

● Shutter speed Shoot at a shutter speed that’s greater than the focal length you’re shooting. That means if you’re using a 500mm lens your shutter speed should be a 1/640sec.

● Sweet spot Shoot around your lens’ ‘sweet spot’, which is about f/8 or f/11. It’s best to avoid extreme apertures such as f/22 or f/2.8.

● Focusing Focus a third of the way into the frame for sharper landscape pictures.

● Bracing Walls, fallen trees, fences or even your mate’s shoulder can be used to lean on and take steadier pictures.

propeller · 发表于 2009-5-7 21:36

这个好！

支持一下，学习一下！

YZSUNNY · 发表于 2009-5-7 21:58

billzhao · 发表于 2009-5-7 23:25

刚买了个单反，还不会用呢。现在是拿来主义，先粘过来，再慢慢学。

lzhmsa · 发表于 2009-5-9 08:58

ding!

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