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Table I - E.P.A. Fuel Economy for Selected 2003 Vehicles.
2 w4 ? w# E/ ~; FCar, SUV, Truck Size MPG City/Hwy
3 P' w, g/ G7 |9 l& n( YBMW Z4 Roadster TS 20/28
0 X! [# H1 v7 @+ FNissan Maxima M 20/26
' m5 r* o2 j s& x! ]Chevrolet Corvette TS 19/28 " @( s$ D+ q6 Y7 Q' l
SAAB 9-5 M 22/31
6 Y, k) A. z. H% \7 F9 xFerrari Modena/Spyder TS 11/16
* h/ v8 h. _/ J- W3 zSaturn L200 M 24/32
$ j2 }. ? w6 k/ tHonda Insight* TS 61/68 ) m. U9 o3 b' a+ `; W0 Q4 D* U
Toyota Camry M 23/32
/ \8 r0 Z5 o5 K5 v$ N! EMazda MX-5 Miata TS 23/28
; Z, R. i( `) DVolkswagen Passat M 22/31
, P W0 x* R5 O/ K, mNissan 350Z TS 20/26 4 i5 n0 D3 E+ Y: I
Volvo S80 M 20/28
: r, o5 M% T5 bAudi TT Coupe MC 21/29 : [& \/ q9 ]; W- @' d
BMW 745 I L 18/26* K7 i& X5 Z: q: n2 m# B
BMW Mini Cooper* MC 28/37 0 v9 X% j! X. H) f [0 y" }
Buick LeSabre L 20/29
; b; K$ a3 o% \" t/ pPorsche Carrera 2 Coupe MC 18/26 ; z0 n3 M j, m) p' l6 ?- T# V6 s
Buick Park Avenue L 20/29
- I6 j3 e" m0 W6 d6 M2 |1 z( j" NFord Mustang SC 20/29 8 d t9 c- }! F& Q7 b, t, \( z
Cadillac DeVille L 18/27
' _; K$ _- |8 N, y: c3 b3 z6 YSubaru Impreza SC 20/27 " Z7 }( P4 y+ w0 i6 [7 X+ M3 k
Chevrolet Impala* L 21/329 h9 T- D8 s5 M0 E) R' @
Volkswagen New Beetle SC 24/31
( f, Y# P3 \2 d PChrysler LHS( P5 v7 b" a3 j7 D7 d' F! K% | _
Dodge Intrepid L 21/29
- o: B% Y" h8 c/ BAudi A4 C 22/31 4 X6 P2 R8 k8 {% ~) t8 q& K
Ford Crown Victoria R3 R1 e* j& l3 a/ i3 E8 b0 \0 q
Mercury Grand Marquis L 18/26+ ~7 Z7 g* M, Z. T' X$ j3 o( {
Bentley Continental L C 11/16
2 T% H! ]( k, @3 P* H" lFord Taurus
$ D, x% \" O& _, |Mercury Sable L 20/28; U* }) M# F! Z/ ^" L
BMW 325 I C 20/29 / J( }8 k) F0 C( g. f
Lincoln Town Car L 17/253 u' N% y! H) ~! |
BMW 525 I C 20/28
. l3 X$ Y" W( GPontiac Bonneville L 20/29; J4 d9 M& D- i! X
Chevrolet Cavalier0 u% ~$ L( v; N# b" M
Pontiac Sunfire C 24/33
9 |$ x5 T$ K% x& f/ [7 {7 \7 r5 nToyota Avalon L 21/29
& y5 v0 C$ y, F& x# I% tDodge Neon C 25/32
7 g: ]# M5 |5 D8 o6 |) F- a( lChevrolet S109 s! \) P' J- a- i2 t$ M
GMC Sonora SPT 22/28% Y7 w X* o% }
Ford Focus C 27/33 1 y p% O" \+ |7 H
Chevrolet C1500
! |8 b. }( ^, k8 ?- d7 C3 qGMC Sierra ST 15/20+ i% u* H3 t( T" i: M
Honda Civic C 29/38 ) L1 n$ @: G4 [) K4 F) F$ w
Dodge Dakota ST 18/19
; e. p4 `' V5 Q0 x' v0 OHonda Civic Hybrid C 46/51
# g! G4 ?/ a8 l$ h5 j: I9 g# D$ cDodge Ram 1500 ST 15/20
, g2 |9 g" [2 c4 r% ]Hyundai Elantra C 25/33
, r0 m3 S$ w2 \Ford F150 ST 16/20
3 B5 u/ V$ N; n: A0 sMazda Protégé C 25/30
+ S* c% E/ B% ~4 iFord Ranger Pickup* ST 24/298 u B8 a z- [9 f9 Y. Q. M
Mercedes C240 C 19/25 5 M; D, P% ~" R+ v. ?- |
Nissan Frontier ST 22/25 J+ ]7 Y8 u& V3 Q" c3 i
Nissan Sentra C 28/35
- Q, ]' F4 S5 \% |) f# z \6 @Toyota Tacoma ST 22/27
3 \# I6 e; M* _Pontiac Grand Am C 24/33
$ Y4 _! |. k: |3 ~9 xFord Econoline E250 CV 14/176 E- E& I( V) ^: i" y
SAAB 9-3 C 23/31
# g& m' ^; o5 Y( U! s: _Chevrolet Venture MV 19/26
4 e7 w4 ?' x; x2 V! |8 cSaturn Ion C 24/32 $ z' ` Y0 M7 K# @5 c B
Chrysler/Dodge Caravan MV 18/25
9 ^6 w9 s4 f" v9 m% \Subaru Legacy/Outback C 22/28
1 [% o- x$ H7 z* FFord Windstar MV 17/23
3 d/ X1 F! G0 p% O* n0 l% \, x& ?' jToyota Corolla C 29/38
$ Y4 ]' n: ]" F- h/ J7 B7 t( k3 bHonda Odyssey MV 18/25
% \# \2 Z" p+ i0 I+ T$ r {Toyota Echo C 35/43 + `; I. q9 Z. u+ X+ @
Mazda MPV MV 18/25
! ^! k2 F6 y+ N: ?2 {Toyota Prius* C 52/45
* P1 H1 ^! v9 O7 R' ~; I1 GToyota Sienna MV 19/245 f$ A7 I. ]" b( u: ?/ `6 _/ s
Volkswagen Golf Diesel C 42/49 $ M2 r$ r% U: a7 k. i2 f
Volkswagen Eurovan MV 17/20' L! G0 z! i, d+ U5 L& m
Volkswagen Golf C 24/31 0 s, e3 L% Z2 ^7 R0 m$ ~, T7 R
BMW X5 SUV 16/21. m- f4 Z# ?6 x4 j" L
Volkswagen Jetta Diesel C 42/49 ' p* o2 s, V. P k2 l
Chevrolet Suburban SUV 13/174 f6 G. G4 @/ M# z) ^- s6 P
Volkswagen Jetta C 24/31
) Q9 {( n$ k2 V GChevrolet Tahoe SUV 14/18
' q8 U& K- I( E( _# t/ F+ }Volvo S40 C 22/30
/ m" ?, T+ X% ~, ?Chevrolet Trailblazer SUV 15/21
* }: V" `9 T: U/ p% VVolvo S60 C 20/28 , E: q$ @' G. Q
Dodge Durango SUV 14/18
( D9 |+ o/ `$ e% J4 rAcura 3.2 TL M 19/29
5 g. o( O# p* A( `: QFord Escape SUV 18/238 c$ B6 N& w! j: ^4 |
Audi A6 M 20/27
* g y3 u9 u- S$ OFord Expedition SUV 14/18
5 P) n1 ^. b6 q& d! ^, ZBuick Century M 20/29 % q: V1 G! a1 Y* E# s' K$ y$ q
Ford Explorer SUV 14/196 ]' T9 o2 V: F; C$ F. Y ` Q
Buick Regal M 19/29
( \$ |' y, f* D; ], y; PHonda CRV SUV 22/26
% O: D- c6 L% I2 k* O/ @Chrysler Sebring% a' W. P3 Z7 i% C) _; h
Dodge Stratus M 22/30
9 A% S( `4 |* m! d/ C9 l3 c; cJeep Grand Cherokee SUV 16/21
; Y% `" x# N/ }0 v( YHonda Accord* M 24/33
" G! b# e* o; G$ j* U/ L: k* cJeep Liberty SUV 17/21
+ \2 g7 D+ Z7 ~( O' v' LHyundai Sonata M 22/30 / p$ K* B% O1 t2 A, E' y+ g+ Q
Nissan Pathfinder SUV 15/19* _9 v! u& {) e* E' j9 ?' p
Jaguar S-Type 3.0 Litre M 18/26
3 J2 Y& N2 I" m$ fSaturn Vue SUV 21/26
; J/ N- u! ?, {) zLexus ES 300 M 21/29
; V6 I, {8 U0 E5 ^! E. `Subaru Forester SUV 21/27
0 T; M. T, N. D k( G, XMercedes-Benz E320 M 19/27
. k4 ~9 b2 A. y# ]Toyota 4Runner SUV 15/19
y8 I6 ?( ]6 V" {' P: g, NNissan Altima M 23/29
2 }! |$ q/ S2 w- dToyota RAV 4 SUV 22/27
9 j+ {6 j& {3 F, r6 m6 ^2 o, R# b! k7 U5 d3 M
( w# _9 e6 t5 p' r
* - Best in class TS – Two Seater MC – Minicompact SC – Subcompact C - Compact M – Midsize
) k w3 \( Y# C8 bL – Large SPT – Small Pickup Truck 2WD ST – Standard Pickup Truck 2WD CV – Passenger/Cargo Van
' S8 S% M& U+ J' G2 E7 R+ k( r; PMV – Minivan SUV – Sport Utility Vehicle 4WD : }( J: @4 k# h! V0 `) l: p0 {
* r) G) ^$ r5 x+ k! \7 a" P, n1 D2 R8 l( V- A: `, q& J
Energy Facts and Figures* I! W6 L, t( H1 R
Karin B. Kirk" ?$ u5 j& A& h$ ]0 g! l* }" r# \
$ }) { O) u' n' n, ]5 {( I4 v
Assignment in addition to the basic Lifestyle Project1 D7 D) F0 ~% ?: ~# {2 f
: V+ o3 E/ D0 x8 p5 K/ fDuring the first week of the Lifestyle Project, find two tasks that you normally do. Determine the energy requirements of each task, and water use or garbage output, if applicable. Do these tasks require large inputs of energy or create a lot of waste? Or are you surprised by how little energy a given task requires? You may need to do a bit of background research to determine the energy needs of various appliances or tasks. ! J! t% d! D# s' P a1 V
Hot shower
5 K: B4 d- o+ F9 pThe shower uses up to 5 gallons of water per minute. It takes 440 Btu to heat one gallon of water, or 2200 Btu per minute. Thus, a 10 minute shower uses 50 gallons of water and 22,000 Btu of energy. A 20-minute shower uses a whopping 44,000 Btu! % X) [, W, s" F
* O# z0 k6 y* CHow about a bath? It takes about 35 gallons to fill the bathtub. This would require 15,400 Btu, and is equivalent to a 7 minute shower. So if you want a long, hot soak, taking a bath uses less water and energy than a long shower. A6 B( ? E7 K/ B3 w! V
/ L+ g; C3 n* |4 u7 |1 b' z$ ]
Stereo, O% R; G }& ]& p6 j& l
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An average stereo uses 80 watts. To find out how much energy your stereo requires, look on the labels on the back. You should find a number followed by a "W." For instance 150W would mean 150 watts. Some appliances give the energy requirement in amps (for example 1.5 A). To convert amps to watts, multiply by 120 (1.5 amps x 120 volts = 180 watts).7 w/ A& t9 i7 I5 E x
! E3 R+ w" O8 U6 s' _
Let's say you listened to your 80 watt stereo for 2 hours. This would be 160 watt-hours. If you divide watt-hours by 1000, you get kilowatt hours, and 3412 Btu is equivalent to one kilowatt hour.
6 `; ~3 F8 N$ ~# E1 ]4 e1 Y9 W8 X. |$ D: \) O7 [4 O4 I
80 watts x 2 hours = 160 watt-hours8 }7 g9 ~/ F+ k% t+ d- p
160 watt-hours/1000 = 0.16 kilowatt-hours2 I( T8 `+ `6 A+ \# h" {6 e
0.16 kilowatt-hours x 3412 Btu/kilowatt-hour = 546 Btu
. F- o. Q, M. z& e; CSo you can see that a ten minute shower uses much more energy that 2 hours of stereo playing.
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Laundry7 D7 `1 B+ r- _2 s5 D
; i- R6 I2 b+ ?, E9 f2 `
It takes 40 gallons of water to do one load of laundry. The only thing you can do to minimize water use is to run only large, full loads of laundry. But you can reduce your energy use by choosing cooler water. Remember that it takes 440 Btu to heat one gallon of water. If you wash and rinse your laundry with hot water, this would require 17,600 Btu. If you use warm water, you could cut this number in half, or 8,800 Btu. If you use cold water, no energy is required to heat the water. The "bright colors" cycle on campus washing machines is the cold cycle.: j! u9 V# a* ]" ]& R, g( N* w
( M6 }8 v: k. p
Cars
& ^ A9 D" Z. ^. b. q
2 Z7 p7 Y- r3 Z: g+ Z$ Q% yEach gallon of gasoline is equivalent to 125,000 Btu. How much energy does it take to drive from Skidmore to Stratton Mt., Vermont for a day of skiing? This depends on the fuel efficiency of your car.
( e, b- d7 e1 q3 fHere's a sampling of EPA fuel economy estimates for the 2003 model year% k3 ~+ Z5 ?! u$ G+ W5 v3 ~* W
In Table I, you will see a sampling of EPA fuel economy estimates for the 2003 model year. The some of the information was gathered on the web by going to the manufacturer's web page. Interestingly, some manufacturer's web pages do not include EPA gas mileages. In some cases specific models, do not put the EPA gas mileages on their web pages. Guess why! The best resource is the EPA web page: http://www.fueleconomy.gov
2 ^1 T/ d: o' \ y. R |, V/ O6 M8 l1 ` T; T* O5 q: ^; Z. t" l3 j N/ T
So if it's 62 miles from here to Stratton and you're driving a Chevy Blazer, let's say you'll get 20 miles/gallon (the average between city and highway miles). The 124 mile round trip will use 6.2 gallons of gasoline and 775,800 Btu. The same trip in a Honda Civic will use 3.1 gallons of gasoline and 387,500 Btu. The gluttonous Chevy Suburban will need 7.75 gallons and nearly 1,000,000 Btu to make the journey.
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Over the life of a car, the fuel economy makes a very large difference in the amount of gasoline used. Let's compare a Jeep Grand Cherokee with a Volvo station wagon over the life of the car. These cars are comparable in term of passenger and cargo space. Assume that both cars will last for 100,000 miles (which raises another issue over the longevity of some cars over others). The Volvo will require 4,081 gallons of gasoline. To drive the same 100,000 miles the Jeep will consume 6,250 gallons -- considerably more! You could save 2,169 gallons by buying a Volvo instead of a Jeep Cherokee. And you'd also be safer in the Volvo. Plus, they have heated seats.
6 \# k4 K, t- T6 Q6 y/ TFurther information about fuel economy can be found at: www.fueleconomy.gov. From there you can find fuel economy figures for cars from 1985 to the present. There is also useful information how to maximize your fuel efficiency. Table I, below, contains generalized data from the EPA and is for cars and transmissions that we thought were the most likely for students (and some others for comparison). The size of the car is determined by the EPA based on interior passenger volume. You will find some surprises in the list. |
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发表于 2006-4-28 07:54
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不会从英里换算到公里，求救！！！
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发表于 2006-4-28 08:51
