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发表于 2006-4-19 15:45
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Can “knowledge” be learned?
9 x2 O% [ L P- [" S请看下面这句话错在什么地方? _/ J! X: P v% C; O
As we have learned a lot of knowledge from our teachers, we always think of them when we achieve something. (我们从老师那里学到了很多知识,所以每当我们有所成就时总是想到他们。)
$ x! ?; n% _9 g- i% h/ x& U在英语实践中常有这种情况:似乎大家都这么说就是对的,实际则不然。上面这句就是个典型的例子。“学知识”这种说法在汉语里经常听到,译成英语就成了learn knowledge。可是在英语里,knowledge不和learn搭配,我们只能用有“得到”意思的动词来搭配,如:get,gain,acquire,也可用表示“扩大”和其他意思的动词,如broaden,enrich,widen,extend,improve等等。因此,这一句的前半句可以改为:As we’ve broadened our knowledge by learning from our teachers,或者干脆说As we’ve learned a lot from our teachers.
- D p: s+ O: }# {' |Sit well引起的思考7 ^# |1 I% l m; h; l" x
我不止一次听到中学老师上课时对学生说“Sit well!”(坐好!”)从语言角度谈,如果一个学生坐的姿势不好,那应该说“Sit straight!”同样,“站好!”也就是“Stand straight!”而不是“Stand well!”而深一步从文化上看,它表明不同国家有着不同的教育习俗。来自西方国家的老师或教育家参观我们的学校时,惊奇地发现有的40学生多分钟内手一直放在背后,挺着胸听课,认为如此要求学生过于苛刻,在西方国家,小学生、甚至低年级中学生的课桌并不安排排列,有的围成方形,有的围成一圈,以达到不仅老师与学生,而且学生与学生间交流的目的。就学生姿势而言,只要不是躺着,或靠在别人身上,并不要求坐直。如果学生身体活动过多,或相互间交流过于频繁,超出了课堂活动所允许的范围,老师一般只是说“Please pay attention to…”或“Attention ,please”或“May I have your attention”,所以,“Sit well!”是Qinglish,而“Sit straight!”只是在中国教室这一特定条件下可以说的、无误的英语。' E! i# w' T$ d1 I" ?
了解中国国情的native speakers毕竟不是多数
: {4 n# V4 D- Q. |/ o4 \% L+ _下面三句话意思很好,也没有语法错误,但不能说是好的英语,问题在哪儿呢?
: U! ^5 W3 m* X" H& ~1. Since liberation/1949 great changes have taken place in my hometown.
6 d+ ^ L S4 Y* r, [2 _' i2. My sister is a nurse; my brother is a PLA man.- X1 y e5 L9 P( }4 F
3. The poor peasants talked about their happy life. They owed it to the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.(贫农们谈论他们的幸福生活,并把它归功于中国***的领导。)' ?; |; V9 ^) d7 l6 w- @
如果是说给懂英语的中国人听或写给中国人看,问题不大。几乎任何一个懂事的中国人都知道“解放”是指“1949中华人民共和国建立”,但是如果对象是English-speaking people,就可能出现问题,因为不了解中国历史的native speakers是多数。我们说惯了“自解放以来”,来做竖向比较,但许多外国人不明白。难怪有人误解成women’s lib,那就是六十年代西方出现的的women’s liberation movement(妇女解放运动)。最好把since liberation或since 1949写清楚为since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.
0 q9 N3 Y6 |6 }7 N" q同样,除了在中国逗留过一段时间的外国人之外,很少有人懂得什么是a PLA man。与其说My brother is a PLA man, 不如说My brother is in the army/service,或My brother serves in the army,或My brother is a soldier/an army officer.9 ]9 \6 n& h4 D# `+ M, L8 F
绝大多数English-speaking people不明白poor peasants有着特定的政治含义,“贫农”是个社会阶层。在英语里poor意思是“没钱,吃不饱,没有任何享受”;English-speaking people想“没钱过舒适生活的贫苦农民又怎能过上幸福生活呢?”在这种情况下,最好要有注解,让读者明白poor peasants的殊定含义。& Y: S, R& ~8 D; q$ p" X
She learned English through self-study, and she studied English very hard.这话有什么错. i. _9 i, W/ s ^% g
“自习”、“自学英语”、“自学成才”等由“自”组成的汉语译成英语时,初学者能想到前缀self-是好的。由前缀self-构成的词多达六七十个,如:
; O7 a" v, z4 ]& mself-reliance (自力更生)
0 i% L. N: R+ }$ y; F5 r$ q8 [" f5 cself-service (自我服务)
* K- |& v( }- {self-defence (自卫)1 X$ d. P. O& H( @6 W
self-important (自高自大的)6 X$ M% K6 V4 D# k# E) S9 l
self-sufficient (自给自足的)
& ~+ P; [: v+ jself-setermination (自决)- K/ m; {9 [% |7 [# U
但是我们常用的self-study尽管English-speaking people能懂,但并不是正确的英语。因此,不宜说She learned English through self-study;应该说When learned English on her own/by herself,或She taught herself English.我们常说的“培养自学能力“相应地可以译为We should cultivate our ability to study independently/on our own.而“自学课本”如译成self-study books也不宜,可以说teacher-yourself books或English self-taught.同样,“自习”应该是individual study。譬如:I’m taking six courses this semester, so I don’t have much time for individual study(这个学期我选了六门课,所以自习时间不多。)! o& d$ {- n% G% g# g3 D" s
这句话里还有一个常见的错误,说study hard当然没有问题,但把“她努力学习英语”说成She studies English hard却不符合英语习惯。要表示出“努力学习”的对象,可以用work hard at something的形式。譬如:She works very hard at English.
9 s+ h, O2 o# y) a% ?& G' y( XLearn from somebody的真正含义是什么. {; k1 Q( ]1 v' w `2 `
有人把“我不会学你,因为我不象你有那么多钱”译成I won’t learn from you, as I don’t have as much money as you do.
9 R2 R4 s/ m! `2 f7 ^ p* R这是错用learn from的例子。某人得知对方以160元买了条进口领带时说的,表示“我不打算学你”。Learn from是“学习某人的优点、经验、某种技术、知识”或“从某中吸取某种经验、教训”。而“我学你”是指“在某种行为上学你的样子”或“我效法你”的意思。正确的英语是follow one’s example或follow suit。譬如:
9 G0 N& b' _/ o5 N# iMary decided to help in the housework, and Sherry and Rebecca followed her example. (Mary决定帮忙干家务活,Sherry和Rebecca也跟着效法Mary.)
0 h+ z, }1 s$ g1 O7 ]0 oWhen one shop began to prolong its business hours all other shops along the same street followed suit. (一家铺开始延长营业时间,沿街所有别的商店也照方抓药。)
0 ~$ x. _. i' Y依此类推有时会出错
, |4 v5 y$ f7 r% r& h$ v3 `请先读一下下面这段报道:% @/ J9 p5 H# x9 ~- Z# C3 j- G
Something went wrong with the tap, so I didn’t have any water in the washroom. I went to the nearby housing maintenance station five times to ask for help. It was nearly half a year later that two workers were sent to my house to fix it. (这一段英语摘自<中国日报>,意思是:水龙头出了毛病,厕所里一点水也没有。我跑了五趟附近的房管所求助;半年以后才派两位工人来我家里修理。
, `3 q& t" R4 U+ N8 i! z绝大数学生把这段话看来看去觉得没什么毛病;有的把Something went wrong改为There was something wrong;有的把nearby放在station后面,并写成两个字。都没改错,可都没改在点子上。究竟错在哪里呢?我们说half-an hour是地道英语,但不能依此类推,“半个月”不是half a month,而是two weeks或a fortnight;“半年”不是half a year,而是six months,但“一年半”可以说a year and a half或eighteen months.4 z/ g, O# l w7 v' F7 S0 f; p- s
用crowded来修饰traffic大有人在
8 A) w5 w5 F! N0 q, i6 |我们是否经常自己写或听到别人说这样的英语:6 E9 O1 U! I5 D
I’m sure she’ll be late for class because of the crowded traffic.又譬如:Traffic in Beijing is too crowded.但是traffic跟crowded是联系不上的。Traffic是the coming and going of vehicles and people(车辆和行人的来往),而crowded是某场所挤满人或东西的拥挤,或事情安排得紧紧的。可以说:The small room is crowded with broken chairs and desks. (小屋子里堆满了破损的桌椅。) I had a crowded week last month. (上个月有一个星期我极忙。) More people are trying to get into the crowded hall.(还有人想方设法进入人满为患的大厅)' W7 e, A i+ S0 k! v
中国话里“交通拥挤”的概念是“街上挤满了过往的车辆和行人”。因此,可以说:The streets are crowded with vehicles and people.显而易见,不能说:There is little traffic at this hour. Even the traffic policeman is nowhere to be found.(这会儿几乎没有过往车辆,连交通警也不见了。)" [9 c. L, G5 c. c a( [
“你真熊!”是“You bear!”吗?- O: W3 d# a7 Q% |5 H0 Z" X
我听到有人说“You bear! You even didn’t mention it!”(你真熊,你竟然没有提起它!)
" x) H x( g$ ?7 k' y; Q汉语里可以用“熊”来表示“懦夫”、“胆小鬼”,但要是说You bear!肯定native speakers不明白。在英语中,尽管熊可以认为是凶猛、危险、笨拙之物,但却没有“怯懦”的意思;chicken倒是有“怯懦”的含意。把You bear改为You chicken就成了地道的英语了。如果有人对你说Don’t be a chicken,你就会明白他是说Don’t be afraid,他在鼓励你。 |
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