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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable ( Q7 b, r& ]) K: H) z
! h. Z0 g0 h3 ^4 r. ?! U( F- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -% M4 E, ]% o& U- ` x. V* t
* U8 V' ~ J5 G, U8 ^' \3 S& [3 w
TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
1 p/ `3 K7 u$ [ `: [+ Aexhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third) l2 b! x" |# f& l" g7 s
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic a; l F! O# @2 c: }6 w1 I1 N* e
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit
( t1 }+ W1 V" \price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and. @& r0 h# c* R9 _; n8 H1 i
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,2 h8 a* h0 P' L& ?0 ]
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
$ K+ A; B3 y0 P+ z9 B9 s' y6 hLePage Real Estate Services.( C$ Q# n( c2 X+ K# ? |3 I+ e
. J( a" b6 p4 G Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters2 P7 j8 x: K( t! e8 {) d
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic
! B3 w) h0 c' @conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and0 L, h9 c1 ~! R6 Q( n
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the5 B: Q* D I' C* T" F# ?( s1 n
residential real estate sector.# ^: _7 B c4 ]7 A% ^
1 [/ K9 L2 X6 y8 b1 w0 D3 H- x
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
4 J2 D% @8 e* ]+ l eoccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%). K4 N' |. f4 E) m/ i/ R. Z
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562
+ I4 [1 Z* g. _- W) \# _(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380% I+ b X) s) P/ p8 c) A( U
(+13.2%).) B. Z: D* x. u7 y
7 \) U! |0 `* f6 N# z) Z# R! [
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth$ n. Y5 {: L( i( d( m
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the0 ]! N4 b4 v- ~* i7 z+ i5 X7 f
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are, Q) Y: f! K1 g0 b7 s6 U" G
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
2 d" H" i2 U. x$ s& epresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
T$ n2 Z7 e9 W. \, v"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We' H' p- X; [4 M8 K( h% k
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy; n' U; [9 Y9 G5 B6 h9 Y, Y" C
balanced market."
; }! H1 x) j" Y7 M8 t
; U/ v0 p7 H) e; I( R Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,3 C/ b2 I q# f
considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift+ v8 O4 P& f7 G" y" X% e
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued
* Q8 U* Z2 w$ E& ~$ w3 z2 Z0 C6 b& Wthroughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core
9 V: Z2 M5 T2 L. X, Aenergy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
6 c' H. I, |2 k, T; jmanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
! i+ e9 N5 ^: S( `2 h9 ybreaking price appreciations.; D' [& m8 [1 p# s; y
, {7 z- `8 \. d! m
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding9 V4 v: I* d) I I9 |2 z
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
+ i$ `9 \0 c9 M! b- Dlargest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.: Y- S% e& g9 A" L
3 u2 M! h9 F+ f' q$ D7 a% z7 O In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
0 w, V8 ?# ^0 R9 z ieconomic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
1 d8 N4 I. a: O3 Vconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off
% B4 m' J! W7 R) W7 F+ i [slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.
6 B& L% D) N3 d3 U* }In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers1 u* O6 f9 [0 f9 f8 H0 c8 \
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of
8 S# r f& Z& L7 {* j8 G' Eprice appreciation when compared with 2005.
( K1 V4 [! o% L4 j | Z7 K+ B
9 N4 f" d7 i4 s While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing; h; i& c0 c; \
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
& i8 I" Y' d4 x+ o0 b' b6 qfinancial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
" ^* O! i4 Z* x; Z5 k: z( F- Ware markedly different than those found in the United States.& f9 b, p% O4 b/ Q4 K+ L0 I- f5 R
" T0 c) |% E! o; Y) D& W
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
6 f7 C) S) x, H. t& L, s, ?American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's1 @$ r- u' k" Y" `
favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the! m$ o6 A% M1 b! I
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general2 a4 ]2 L# y5 X& a# L e! b
affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the. l. d% u Z. \" S% B
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
9 A; i3 Z8 C% ]! K+ \aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization' Z5 H V! \. U
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
i" D* @( ]" ^ K
; A! _! N2 M+ N <<' e$ ]1 B" i" X( m) d5 m
REGIONAL SUMMARIES% {$ ~* X8 F9 ]+ B1 h
>>$ R" A& Q/ b% Y. }9 o& L9 V7 t
! K2 D4 F) F4 r3 m0 Z+ V Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
\1 Y. k6 F$ Y0 Q" X0 f3 pHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
, p3 B. u/ o- z9 c8 {' r; ~of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time2 t- _7 v1 r% T
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
$ A7 Q+ C D! h E9 d- Q! t! }renovations.3 p3 E+ H% V& C! B
7 T6 ^+ c* M' F8 @2 X
The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight1 n- X' k; n8 F% l+ }
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation
8 o/ N+ Q2 q' D+ f3 _compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and! v( m. ^" Y9 y/ |4 K
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
! F: z+ r& S# [1 Y1 h/ X) T5 b. F, f* s1 e8 G8 z
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer: F) c$ h$ q/ a% }9 h$ k1 r- P
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
\5 z b1 _+ e* oquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
: C7 N* \2 v/ Y7 N( }! r Z ~; A# v. E600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores$ V# \3 U% R+ R6 d/ V2 w# |
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
! O7 B% V( K" D3 A$ Oand are instead opting for more affordable housing options." @3 G. e: h6 F. o* s8 M) @
, o0 ~1 f: q" e6 ]; P
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced& D+ u0 p. L: ?8 @
conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their6 C1 C- x K* G ?+ ~4 D/ T O7 E, ^ X
homes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers( J V; |. L7 @8 ]
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian! v5 o. M& M' `' I1 I
dollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing* T. j# [: m! K: R8 B
buyers with more options when looking for a home.# N5 @. |+ R5 C; [$ w+ E8 M
* x; {( G e9 T- p3 n7 |# Q
Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly* t# q$ J1 c# k; B0 ?9 V' f
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes" C* }1 F5 u! k/ a t3 S
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,1 P5 u( Z B9 R
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last3 g. |6 \6 q5 h2 v: T
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.( F% u. h) r6 l& v, o9 g$ o$ I: O! a7 q
- |0 y$ d2 s+ T
Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house! | R9 `. x4 ]1 G- C! O% J
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory" q6 Z. F. m0 H) \3 H
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting' K8 D% T4 v; y; l
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1, x) V, J/ B, c1 d$ O
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the/ |- ^) S' |% d2 F% d
pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before0 u$ {6 t4 Q0 \, c, I: g
making a purchase.7 G% V: t& ~+ L3 r5 M9 ^4 X W+ M
! h5 \, [- \1 [' o1 v$ C9 { Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
+ I" I: e& I- `5 L; [6 Omarkets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong$ @$ i' J6 W T. Z; l
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city* w( `' E& }8 S6 T+ D: g- q
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
$ [! V& _" b! s, O Y- lattention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
' \ C; P6 `, s* ^+ N( Lamenities.
* H- M" Y. A( i8 N# a$ M( U- {% d. A, a" ~1 z' a+ i4 m
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels* f' B E, r: m j
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
! l' ^6 U1 Z W9 N/ _$ vacross the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has
2 s' Q3 h! b/ i) z1 {continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been: _# W7 \1 N+ K% D1 O* I, ^/ ~7 n
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle1 p$ x+ U: V0 G* i9 z# b% q
residence, rather than for investment.
% s0 E8 p% B/ I) y1 F! Y' Q+ b: @; J/ b. X
The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
8 Z5 g' g! p" m5 A( Y- ehouse prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
0 s5 ~6 k0 `1 e3 J3 c1 oin a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer
( Y2 D5 j% g. c7 g$ ?- y- cconfidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
+ [# Y0 D& h, ~9 Orate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
" F1 C' W% X: d6 K8 Bthe market.! [# U7 y. f( O) f2 y* D- }$ t
0 U* b6 ^: J! N. u: e; a: N
In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
" l9 ^# @& |! C% ]! ~July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In5 e9 G) v8 q* p3 j+ d
August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring
0 @. z% B1 g4 W. Hmonths, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
- [( j- {1 S6 Rto the shortage of available inventory.
2 H9 U2 `6 o/ c. b. K- Z
$ h/ L# J# L' p2 B: X Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its
, t" a7 @4 \; A1 b nmomentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
. @5 p% y6 u4 z- p* s) y9 yvibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
$ q) m! D- ?4 }3 l! dstruggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.3 ^2 e8 R- P8 e3 I7 v
6 e2 N% m/ O0 N- b5 N& b
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases& j ?& x& [/ v0 P6 l* l0 w
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
; h- Y% x) [6 n7 `* L' [unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
* ~" H4 S# m/ ypressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring' ?# Q% h |" w& ?5 F* u
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer: T% n- _6 Y7 B- m) v3 N
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as3 [- \; ]; t8 g2 F% O4 q" c( A
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
# ^% P$ q4 ~0 S! M+ V
1 }! T; T E8 X2 I Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
" T" N5 l& L# T, X: j* Ras activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton# t& V9 i _$ h4 j" U
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
6 f$ ?/ B/ N% X1 Kmaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
( M. x4 I9 B- t; _" j1 [; Q( w0 y' Jincreasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve- Q6 m( P2 z$ Y, y+ \7 ]
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly- u. |. S/ h# e/ r. S/ o# V4 T
towards the end of 2006. 3 s4 c1 ]% x/ h9 D
. m3 b" |1 q, J9 Y( K
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of% R+ E5 K0 u/ @: [1 `6 x3 N
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable) B4 M/ W. t: q: R* D
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse' e3 Q1 f4 X% S/ v+ F* m% V$ C7 b
group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
6 R$ b8 O2 Y D) G/ G$ eforeign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added6 ?1 x, W k' S, G6 z) v
pressure on tight inventory levels.( F; Q- W5 w3 P4 d# [
0 [0 o1 S% e8 Z- K7 U$ u/ F# }; U Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic |, y" _& P- Q4 A
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people- z/ u* V/ k" W. ?# L* L
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
) F0 _: K* W7 P: R" lwhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching, Z' h7 ^/ t( q% T) u- Z0 O% Z
for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
0 {: ]# A; O! {, v9 C) j
) m! d. X* N0 I- A" d <<
6 Q2 o. e8 f3 J& }4 @ Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
/ S( l' p( n% m4 A0 Y+ u* C6 }/ k, u( J( {
-------------------------------------------------------------------------& @( U4 }! D" h$ b( V+ z
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
# v2 |( h" Z" y# \9 r- l6 t -------------------------------------------------------------------------* I; R. A$ a$ i! n( R" r
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
. a0 |6 ]) H( u# ^# k Market Average Average % Change Average Average7 W) v. y) D; I+ n$ U* P
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
" n. Q& s) k0 ]& ?3 L Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,0002 `1 i1 U+ }4 e
-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ |; p; F/ z; } R! j
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
/ h1 q+ L# ~2 r, W8 D -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- C: \* o9 ^: l/ U* [, X0 K" j Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
$ }# R# w$ _: [& I1 Q4 P -------------------------------------------------------------------------+ R; s5 z1 r$ l( s! I
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -# l# k& E' ^2 c! J) n& u
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 C, a& R& l+ a/ ~$ @& U$ i St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,3330 ?, w( h# k0 G8 k0 d: S
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
& B, H: Z9 i3 C/ Q) b; C1 [ Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583$ V9 ?. K0 u7 {0 {+ e
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ S- y" ~- l. a$ i3 }2 R Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185% G! j/ L" [0 D' t! [& B# @4 f
-------------------------------------------------------------------------% e! p/ w5 l- W S
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250( I+ i1 T9 k ^$ N, G$ F8 a5 ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------) r' R! L: Z! p/ Z2 Q/ H0 F
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766
* ?6 b; g: B5 V. \! _) e -------------------------------------------------------------------------% G' K& k6 G8 o" d4 z/ Z* F; N
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707. O8 J) |1 v% W1 o( ^* ^( C
-------------------------------------------------------------------------2 T, G) [. c6 m/ e ?1 J
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500. S# `/ k/ f v, J5 k
-------------------------------------------------------------------------. X% }1 H) g/ h- o0 V+ {
Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389 m2 L5 i! T% @
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 d; M' ^# ~# e7 }$ A Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714* Y, y% y2 x' \! N) ?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------) b) B4 Z' H+ ]
Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500' E9 `* n( r6 `/ c! G. W
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ @. F- f8 A+ S2 J, S5 V+ F7 R Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
8 _* _* e' N) p1 l9 \1 y# N8 Y -------------------------------------------------------------------------9 [1 }; G0 X+ A2 i" @+ q
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860
1 {( |/ }; w& x* m: z -------------------------------------------------------------------------
* |( z) g. v, l$ W: H: ?$ ^9 G
8 K* W- F4 u- K) y" f) {$ h. N! b -------------------------------------------------------------$ L! S. |0 [/ ?: R: k! ~0 @
Standard Condominium
0 ~, J) \$ w' W; G) c7 u% P -------------------------------------------------------------" |. B" Q$ M, u
2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo6 r- f8 i5 ~4 I F+ S' k) D! h& X1 Y
Market % Change Average Average % Change+ {) H% k( ?# F
-------------------------------------------------------------! |/ W# @! |3 H( Z$ u3 T
Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%# ?+ c$ F+ ?& _% ]% C; V: E s
-------------------------------------------------------------" K1 [& r' x) L. B2 b8 ^
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%+ d9 g+ Q: b5 u3 h5 I6 o
-------------------------------------------------------------: K4 F. o. n# e8 d- v
Moncton 4.9% - - N/A' x) c1 W, `5 t$ ?3 I
-------------------------------------------------------------
' `9 A& N+ Y7 k Saint John N/A - - N/A
; m& h9 g7 _" y4 X/ m -------------------------------------------------------------$ S4 ?" K) i/ v* h3 O5 w4 m9 V V, X
St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%/ h# I. C* W7 r5 M$ r d Z
-------------------------------------------------------------# ]' U6 Y( I) k0 q
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%+ T# o) `) `- X+ k1 v/ {* N- G0 f
-------------------------------------------------------------
7 p; m! y2 R; d; b V Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%
6 A. X6 o, ~! H4 U -------------------------------------------------------------) m3 O! l+ U! \ G
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
+ `. Q) h- J0 C -------------------------------------------------------------
2 a: i5 P n- r, q$ B, r Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%) x& E# x; U: O$ E
-------------------------------------------------------------9 U {% t! d2 ?. |( Z
Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0% t! W; o; C! L4 P2 D- s
-------------------------------------------------------------) H& D; W, `2 R q
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%1 J; W3 @ v' |+ Q2 \! {
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 J4 r" z9 i$ ` Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%$ u. T0 ?8 O: [2 ]; N
-------------------------------------------------------------
. Y" h/ F' B. ?. Y, s0 b Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
1 x8 ~. ~# L- q- ^. H4 P }, E -------------------------------------------------------------
7 \1 l' X0 E2 o b' u2 i Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%. D# Q; Y% i0 u4 r/ q) a; s
-------------------------------------------------------------
5 s: I! F/ g. C4 K/ s) A# R Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%! v% n) t k1 r7 I- \& ~
-------------------------------------------------------------
7 N O* Z8 C+ G4 W6 j4 p National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%
+ h* Q; p, K' O2 g6 r -------------------------------------------------------------1 X9 D( n; a& s4 x4 S/ ` T
>># f+ R; u& {6 g7 T7 |
% B5 I ^, u/ k, T1 Y
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined
/ p, z. J1 z1 i( W* f) Min the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
+ V) Z' `: D6 _) j! YJohn and Victoria.1 t, k( ?0 z5 }5 m
: c8 _& ~1 e2 r) Y5 a5 ]( y The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most- N8 D. z, Y6 }! h n5 ^2 F
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of4 r4 b7 @5 j: D; c. y
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
$ S9 s8 z6 ?* f/ a7 Wreferences an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price2 n/ h" m# A; A2 ~/ a: i3 N% [
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
, I" r( C k8 @across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
. T) |2 m6 w/ zavailable on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current9 Q9 s& Y, s( I+ |4 x1 H- D
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
. {, k6 e6 J' p, d& C$ A% Eversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
+ A. x0 V$ ]# ~* {) y" GNovember 15, 2006.
8 F) b+ O/ ]7 R# V Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
% Y% }* ~) e. `5 S- Lfair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge% S; w' k4 G7 {; t
provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
3 L/ d9 Q$ G' Bavailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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