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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable " Z9 U3 h/ n! T9 p9 E
/ n; e6 X/ ?8 x a0 u, C) z
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -! M' M4 C( F/ c; P
. A6 p( G# H1 @/ t# z; d1 l
TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
0 C/ A6 F: k/ k' j& S) }5 S% Lexhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
; a2 C- Y/ H m5 @( Equarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic
4 [1 t7 ]/ R: o; x) ?in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit9 }1 r- ^. h/ ?" H* i7 y" J
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
9 u9 ^$ g$ f1 Gmore reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario, O5 { w8 B2 i' u1 J
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
" x: i* f( h% I9 p. o9 ^LePage Real Estate Services.
- r: c# r4 H4 V# a# z% m* n9 A3 d7 z( w! W- i& k* m; K3 c( T
Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters
; K7 K, ?( z1 l! t& ?; w) ?2 p+ Gare forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic7 z* m A& z8 w: M; C% G
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and
1 u/ t |5 z8 T( N5 Xsound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the
' h2 i; q" X$ U, xresidential real estate sector.& G9 u# |# t: V7 w$ R
1 w0 `. r; b8 Q- Y" h0 p* Y' ]
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
" @2 Q X! c* b4 ] a0 `/ Z8 ^occurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%): b R* l' q4 ^, e# P3 D: p$ c
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562! Q. C4 H) n0 e1 y; i L+ R
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,3804 E; A" {( r5 l0 U5 h
(+13.2%).2 J6 i" {- p& T7 P5 o" k
* w. \ M) ^ O- p/ k9 ?; x "Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
7 m. g5 g/ K, c% pduring the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the! c! Z" U3 @1 M$ s
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are* c9 v- M- w+ h% k
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,# I2 x, M) O- _8 _; e* B+ g
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.+ T, ]! ?+ d; F
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
7 ?, _; ?4 C- k$ f7 n! E \welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy
% ]: v+ g+ y$ b: Pbalanced market."4 v( I, ]& m6 \' B& K% B
8 C8 L- @$ o4 c8 Z5 M; q% a C
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,5 G4 T+ I$ z( D* C6 J2 M2 Q
considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift- n4 J, o) G6 k' K
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued. _* C& ^( Q$ V9 h
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core
$ w7 B: q- X1 c3 X- Penergy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
2 D3 C* c$ i4 R$ x. Xmanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record, o# ~2 Y+ Y8 y# R' F
breaking price appreciations.
- a3 j* h, [+ D" g% q% c6 W# D1 M. @( g6 u' g& H" `/ ?# a7 u4 H9 x
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding8 _, [4 K7 h+ L5 X/ J
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the* a! B$ o* G. i c+ l
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.- X& n, I! `$ @! e* x& G8 Z
& Z4 h: t7 d( C" q# d @# w& ~- v
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
. q0 w* Q( \* G0 p) peconomic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
( n6 T* x$ `5 [, L% mconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off' |! }7 Z& Z& d
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth., d; S: ?' p# @
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers6 l% L9 `. S& U+ O; {
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of
9 A6 \, G9 m! }3 x$ ?5 xprice appreciation when compared with 2005.
, Q: B7 A0 {2 B! l& L% A8 p8 S( H/ e! J$ @
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
3 S% L3 [9 v' G3 N5 Vmarket is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
, ?# l" x/ ]) G2 m4 Qfinancial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
" ^) [. j7 U" z) j8 L% fare markedly different than those found in the United States.+ p! q4 u+ B, \5 a0 N8 X' |) S
; Z6 A3 B" N6 X7 f/ ], P Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
3 L' X) c' t9 s4 n: [American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's& U6 ]/ F4 |$ w8 y9 P
favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the
4 G5 c+ f; w j# w srelatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general" O& O2 j* v% ]) O
affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the6 ?1 s, W# _: D/ K+ P7 L4 ~
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and& J- G1 Q' u9 r4 H0 Y8 o
aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization% F7 p/ N; ^, \% |1 ~, f8 y
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
: J: r3 t+ w- j8 V& }
0 U5 ]" o) T; a, l3 u f) K <<3 y8 d! K3 J4 U4 ^$ [5 F6 |; q" V
REGIONAL SUMMARIES
+ j8 _% U+ K) Q' ~9 P. X >>$ G: r( ]3 Z" h: [8 ~& t) U
6 r! C2 h* v* Z+ L$ o4 P Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in: s' Q$ V3 U* B0 t2 R+ W% @
Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate, F* D: {0 B# k% v, V# u$ R
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time1 E3 }" t+ `! d+ o
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
8 O" d3 t& P2 ?! s8 [. F/ Mrenovations.
2 h, n! Y, z6 p- z) ^" a3 B* r$ [& `5 `7 {& F* y
The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
6 e7 {# Z9 S( w3 D6 F9 R: `; Uincrease in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation
$ l9 V& ^' a% icompared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
7 z" T3 f& I) wSeptember and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
5 W( |5 B5 J. H4 [. R c2 q# e2 Z
9 z7 i# r& y& Y7 P, n: h The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer; w% d5 R: A! w. W; |8 G
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the8 {0 W/ K- @. V: m6 q
quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
# r. p; {7 X9 ~' |# |% L600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores8 L7 ?4 h3 ~, v# L0 o; M7 d* j" S
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
- L# n$ ~6 j/ A1 U' V) c0 I6 oand are instead opting for more affordable housing options.- t1 C, }8 E, X$ n' ~4 S
; s. Z& ~3 ~7 S" A- k( s) t0 }1 ]
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced+ d) a9 Q o% L8 l! V
conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their) B7 K: N6 Y; g
homes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
1 N& _6 v0 B6 U5 M1 ^8 ~3 Vwas down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
: n9 B2 J9 x( F- q. T+ ndollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing$ R. O% |0 U4 z2 c, {9 e
buyers with more options when looking for a home.7 f, D: Y I) i7 ~ y2 g6 L+ _
2 K# k5 L" X0 ~/ l
Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
8 e. s. v' S7 H+ |7 I/ n5 _. Famong higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes& X! A) A$ t: w/ |% t) E$ A
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,* A! Q9 ~! P+ j% Z
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last
( d# d9 m* z0 e# Gfew years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
' s1 j4 O9 b4 u0 G" ^2 _. F! s0 ^
& I: B, o$ [& s; O- U$ E* F5 X Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house$ _$ j# T) t+ w& E
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory
) D. R+ P6 `, h' rlevels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting( K( k; r# [. N8 _3 F
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
9 n8 v; t2 U; V8 m% P- swhen rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
! ?% j$ O& X" B% e$ }pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before r7 P, [ B9 h" u- O) h/ n" j
making a purchase.
; C# U/ ^1 q! |* R1 q, y
/ t1 p1 L( L: Y, B5 u Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
8 v9 W: ]. P7 X; P \3 `2 Pmarkets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong/ S: q7 g: [5 F5 r; G [, e
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city
: x- j8 s/ n/ l2 y1 Y. _1 {, Z0 S/ Rcentre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
" v: ~" [% G/ b% F7 @! @) ?" oattention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
* h- _2 J |- D. Kamenities.
$ `1 y5 M% h! [+ r8 C
8 i' o! w ~; a% Y The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels- Z! Z' X9 Q( V
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand' D& g6 `, o6 x* c0 F# l
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has2 d6 ~, `$ m5 t1 J# y
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
" ~6 k, S9 v7 T- c; ]. G, w" Ddriven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle
1 a: j& s# Y9 J5 Iresidence, rather than for investment.8 P$ C3 M6 I' |. }7 k
3 S7 D _1 q! ^6 k The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as D4 k! c# \ `# l! ^( H( ^
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted: u* ]% h( [) Z
in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer) ?9 o" }5 ?8 Z
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
5 t0 C$ Y/ M2 E: J* Hrate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter4 ]1 }$ H: d( ^: I
the market.
2 U- g$ I `; d/ ~7 G
9 W2 K% z2 ?- E/ k1 Z3 S In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
, n& a( X3 P$ P+ k8 K: XJuly, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
- E m6 I! Y% A: W* jAugust, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring
2 G( a2 k! K+ M g! Fmonths, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
& u8 _0 Q0 P+ S) K9 {& _" kto the shortage of available inventory.& X3 s" m; y- f
0 v9 b. l$ R; M% z
Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its) r& }8 m- W' x9 K( |
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
% l; c/ }- A, \* ^ v% S9 m* ovibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
' p: v& ^3 v9 i m6 a% G0 Fstruggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.! s J3 z# W' i' p) C
. b# [2 O5 j7 \4 |! j9 I4 o' ~# R
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
- E- d5 r( r! F" O: x$ e iin the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low( I8 ~! h# I# z% B0 H/ A
unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that5 Y: p3 l8 I: L0 T
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring# ]+ Z; r% w0 M4 [
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer4 `% _0 S$ f( O. z6 F
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as( |, b- ~% h' m7 C1 G
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
! {) t5 _8 k$ h5 Z0 |
" H9 z, E' k+ B3 S6 P- _) ~ Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
7 Z; _& K# E0 sas activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton0 m& g/ D/ H+ n; r
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,( A1 F9 B! x& O" @, f
maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
0 u4 t: x" K* h5 ~! `2 u2 \+ dincreasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve u% I" R( t% t, F h6 E% x2 J% r
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
6 B8 y4 {" y3 Q% t5 z: ztowards the end of 2006.
( z) \+ b1 V2 f9 l5 M9 G( k1 G2 F, m
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of
- s) R5 [2 i: M" {8 d; q# k7 m# Cinventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable1 n4 ~5 o! ?# T* o
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
6 ~; f7 T9 j0 e4 `( r' Jgroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
8 m/ p k% Y4 s0 u/ Z0 z/ \foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added- d) i) c/ I& D4 l2 v
pressure on tight inventory levels.* ^3 w$ S$ D" c, T, [! g1 e
* B- P5 C, A/ M9 F. k! d Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic% E0 \, G1 |6 S9 c; O+ k
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people" ~: Y' @; C) Q& t
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
6 H, @1 D, |, ?2 Z' awhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching. q9 I* m' J, E* R; H3 ^
for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.* t" j2 ~4 B# g
O9 [$ I J9 ], c* ^3 u <<1 ?9 m6 g: c) x4 I
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
2 o D+ e! c9 N9 T$ s, F( U$ E8 @2 [' d/ f6 a4 Y% Q
-------------------------------------------------------------------------7 X! q, s, z, E( P% u Z- u
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey' b5 ?/ E( p8 r1 E& t
-------------------------------------------------------------------------6 I6 ]4 c0 `+ r8 ?2 |( Z
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
+ ] X/ Q+ P. `+ z Market Average Average % Change Average Average
2 [- v' e5 r3 [7 t -------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 h/ D) V4 u' Z% [) O1 g Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000; ` r+ L2 v2 o7 R; t/ W' Q7 h
-------------------------------------------------------------------------! m3 {2 W9 e1 D- e/ V
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000- V7 T! A$ l7 b @) V6 G
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ W8 j2 k' u- b: A9 F$ g5 X" X Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
, w8 K3 l, U$ U5 D -------------------------------------------------------------------------% c9 a$ G; @ `! H& k
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -8 U8 f" f. V, E- p
-------------------------------------------------------------------------3 S. f2 Q( C7 P: P% c( O( @3 C
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333! k/ r. w' V8 |! _9 i. z
-------------------------------------------------------------------------/ w2 j @3 K5 R) t: R i" `* _
Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583! m4 E+ ^/ j: f
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
, r$ N. o1 ]7 w) S0 I Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185
9 H0 R- ~( u) L" h" K3 \ -------------------------------------------------------------------------1 t$ f8 R E. m2 j3 [( @
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250
$ N5 a) \9 B/ @- i5 ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 ]! |1 G! j; g Z Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766
& B0 ~8 p1 C0 n3 { -------------------------------------------------------------------------% L% t9 @1 F' O# c5 e/ l) F0 b
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707" j$ I+ |2 i& G' \/ j2 C
-------------------------------------------------------------------------) d; Y* ]! E, j8 z- X
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500
$ I7 r4 x: S f6 Y& J& [$ K -------------------------------------------------------------------------# z W# H$ |1 b3 y1 G- v
Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389& a( O7 b- z! Y* _
-------------------------------------------------------------------------1 ~* u0 Q X( A% h+ _, w2 J
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
/ U4 W6 {. \+ C; I' a -------------------------------------------------------------------------
' X# W& v, g: P5 \; r ? Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
* b& r. f1 j& a2 N -------------------------------------------------------------------------0 M4 u" v# S1 ~8 O- Z ~: w3 `( z
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
( V3 H) y' q) j) |. R! _5 R+ n' ` -------------------------------------------------------------------------. h+ @' T& z( c% m2 B
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860$ L8 m+ x. a1 x# l
-------------------------------------------------------------------------& d, ]6 Q' D! m' [( t; K4 _
# s# T( a) _* i5 z
-------------------------------------------------------------8 Y/ r% E$ P6 e& A8 \
Standard Condominium
( \9 f( D$ O$ b: V5 I. @) u- L# K -------------------------------------------------------------
) T! G. O4 e7 G1 [ 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo
+ b4 z+ C( t! j5 O3 S9 W8 V Market % Change Average Average % Change6 ?3 i3 Y3 v" X! n
-------------------------------------------------------------8 h4 ~, R+ X. x% X
Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%& G5 u, v* ]# N: }$ A- W0 L
-------------------------------------------------------------9 j: i! o! ?4 F0 d# [
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
" |8 V+ w: B8 V$ [ -------------------------------------------------------------, J' ^0 f6 g, L$ a
Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
6 o2 I" y4 N7 x! m1 \ -------------------------------------------------------------
- @9 [0 p$ ^, X' w! b- b4 U" p Saint John N/A - - N/A
( V) ^. _% ]6 P1 Y$ a -------------------------------------------------------------
3 ?% ? t' ~. s# G9 [ St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
7 E- k4 r: |8 H+ Y -------------------------------------------------------------
) e1 u% v+ n1 e- x: k) P/ B( k. S" a Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
9 I# C2 y4 @9 B3 s' W m) f -------------------------------------------------------------) Q' h+ O9 L- h9 r7 S' |
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%
' d: d, A1 V6 }8 R -------------------------------------------------------------2 B& }% U4 E1 g! v' A2 E
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
8 s" W! T/ ^5 \/ d( x2 \& Y6 ? -------------------------------------------------------------
/ t: L+ y8 m0 V' A! J4 e Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
+ V C+ P- D1 ]1 W" x: N; j) g -------------------------------------------------------------5 q' Z6 M, R. m' f( ], N- t! H
Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%
" O3 m9 S/ E1 n& F M) J -------------------------------------------------------------2 C3 t" _6 [3 T M, u; n9 k$ e1 M
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
) q% a6 \& ?* g -------------------------------------------------------------. U8 W% m( `/ ?. F( V" a0 D
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%
. d% O$ b A) n6 \ ------------------------------------------------------------- x5 o9 x: r- d
Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
" V+ w5 N: |% e -------------------------------------------------------------
) f1 K+ a6 T8 }" Y0 j# P Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%4 ]+ G7 q% ^+ ]4 l# j" ^" f
-------------------------------------------------------------( p; y/ f7 Q& ` ] k
Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%# x* g) u0 o3 l& o
-------------------------------------------------------------
, h: i' U# K B9 T1 l4 v. I National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%
) c, p& `3 h! s/ q+ n3 Y1 A1 _; y -------------------------------------------------------------
" M) C6 z& P# o% K >>" T4 h& c7 \( K& {8 e8 M7 _ I' t
1 n# v$ N# u1 ?, t) U" c: Z9 K Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined) r% n+ [0 W% H8 o
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint. t; i; s6 N! Z
John and Victoria.
: C! K( {) s4 a+ n
% s, n! M7 q8 M The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most4 \7 I' C6 k: x5 m7 G
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of/ y0 ]6 J$ ]0 d2 v7 F' G4 @
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
' x$ u/ `2 v2 E7 g+ A$ C7 k5 Dreferences an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price+ F5 q% K: n' N* K8 R# q7 X
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities( ^5 R$ }5 ]$ v( W+ s
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
7 Q% c: E5 e* ~: U7 Gavailable on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current% p' m% w2 Z B+ o8 S) w
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
( q' q/ c. d! p2 Vversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
. ]7 W& c, |' Z& o! eNovember 15, 2006.
5 }# l; o; A- k- a, u! I Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
! X+ M+ U- ~+ O$ R$ t; Jfair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge' b/ M7 j: l2 J) l7 G$ K( D
provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is8 [* h( W8 r' f3 E/ J8 ~
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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